﻿Replication File for "Engaged or Obedient? Racially Differentiated Models of Democratic Education" Journal Race, Ethnicity, and Politics, forthcoming.


By Sarah E. Brown and Tamar Malloy




** Notes **
Last run by authors on macOS Ventura v 13.7.1
Rstudio version 1.4.1103
Running R version R 4.0.3 GUI 1.73


For replication purposes, we offer aggregated data used to produce the figures and tables in the paper and supplementary materials because copyright law complicates the sharing of the raw data of the handbook text in their entirety.  Contact authors for school IDs to reproduce the original datasets containing handbook text data. Steps to reproduce these datasets from the school IDs are provided in Appendix A. The topic models can be reproduced from the raw data by following the steps outlined in Appendix B. 


Aggregated data for handbook text has been preprocessed to convert words to lower case, stem words, and remove stopwords, punctuation, urls, and stand-alone numbers. Dataframes were trimmed to remove words appearing infrequently (less than 10 times), words with no substantive meaning occurring with noisy frequency (more than 25,000 times), miscellaneous characters, and extra white space.


Set the working directory to the folder where ReadMe.txt is located




** Citation **
Sarah E. Brown and Tamar Malloy. 2025. “Engaged or Obedient: Racially Differentiated Models of Democratic Education.” Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics, forthcoming. 




** Input Data **
 (in the "data" subdirectory)
white_50.RData
* Aggregated data of words found in handbooks of schools with more than 50% White students. 


white_70.RData
* Aggregated data of words found in handbooks of schools with more than 70% White students. 


non_white_50.RData
* Aggregated data of words found in handbooks of schools with more than 50% non-White students. 


non_white_70.RData   
* Aggregated data of words found in handbooks of schools with more than 70% non-White students. 


non_white_free_lunch.RData
* Aggregated data of words found in handbooks of schools with more than 70% non-white students, 70% or more of whom also qualify for free and reduced lunch (FRL) 


non_white_no_lunch.RData
* Aggregated data of words found in handbooks of schools with more than 70% non-white students, less than 30% of whom also qualify for free and reduced lunch (FRL) 


white_free_lunch.RData
* Aggregated data of words found in handbooks of schools with more than 70% white students, 50% or more of whom also qualify for free and reduced lunch (FRL) 


white_no_lunch.RData
* Aggregated data of words found in handbooks of schools with more than 70% white students, 50% or less of whom also qualify for free and reduced lunch (FRL) 


 class_white.RData
* Aggregated data of words found in handbooks of schools where less than 30% of students qualify for FRL, and more than 70% of students are white.


 class_non_white.RData
* Aggregated data of words found in handbooks of schools where less than 30% of students qualify for FRL, and more than 70% of students are non-white.


citizen.csv
* Coded data of handbook pages containing terms citizen* or civic* with race demographic data


citizen_lunch.csv
* Coded data of handbook pages containing terms citizen* or civic* with race and FRL demographic data


** Code Files **
(in the “code” subdirectory)
(if R files are run, they will generate the figures and save them into the "figures" subdirectory)


word_frequency.R 
* Produces raw data and all figures in manuscript and supplementary materials regarding word frequency in school handbooks by race (Figure 2, Figure B.1, Table B.1, Table B.2).


citizenship.R
*  Produces raw data and figures in manuscript and supplementary materials regarding analysis of coded handbook pages that mention citizen* and civic* by race (Table 1, Table 2, Table D.1, Table D.2, Table D.3, Table D.4, Figure D.1, Figure D.2) (Figure E.4 and Figure E.5)


class.R 
* Produces figures in Appendix E regarding word frequency in school handbooks and coded pages that mention citizen* and civic* by race and FRL data (Figure E.1, Figure E.2, Figure E.3, Figure E.4, Figure E.5).